This guide shows how to protect a wireless network with Smallstep, using 802.1X EAP-TLS (certificate-based) Wi-Fi authentication.

For EAP-TLS Wi-Fi deployments in security-sensitive environments, you’ll generally need four things:

• A Certificate Authority
• A RADIUS server
• A properly configured Access Point (AP)
• A process for distributing trusted CA certificates, client certificates, and network profiles to your devices

Smallstep provides the Certificate Authority and the RADIUS server, and it can configure your clients directly (via the Smallstep Agent) or alongside your MDM.

Here’s a simplified diagram of a laptop getting a client certificate and joining an 802.1X EAP-TLS authenticated network. With EAP-TLS, the RADIUS server must complete a mutual TLS handshake with the device before giving the thumbs up to the access point:

• How it fits together
• Step 1: Configure credential issuance
• Step 2: Configure the enforcement point
• Step 3: Configure clients
• Verify and troubleshoot
• Reference sections:
  • Access point configuration reference
  • RADIUS authorization webhooks

Three Smallstep resources work together to protect a wireless network, and you can create all of them with the Smallstep API:

• A credential describes the client certificate and private key issued to each device: which authority signs it, what goes in the subject, how the key is protected, and which devices receive it.
• A managed RADIUS server is the enforcement point. Your access points delegate authentication to it, and it verifies each client certificate presented during the EAP-TLS handshake.
• A Wi-Fi resource describes the network itself: the SSID, the RADIUS server CA that clients should trust, and the credentials clients authenticate with.

There are two ways to configure clients, and you can mix them across your fleet:

• Agent-managed: The Smallstep Agent enrolls the device, requests a hardware-bound certificate, and configures the Wi-Fi network profile on the device.
• MDM-managed: Your MDM deploys a network profile, and the client certificate is issued via SCEP or ACME Device Attestation. This path works without installing the agent.

Everything in this guide can also be configured in the Smallstep dashboard under the Protect tab, or with the Smallstep Terraform provider. This guide uses the API.

In this step, you'll create a credential: the configuration Smallstep uses to issue a Wi-Fi client certificate to each of your devices.

You will need an API token. See Smallstep API for details.

Store your API token in a headers file for curl:

set +o history
echo "Authorization: Bearer [your API token]" > api_headers
set -o history

Certificates are issued by one of your team's X.509 authorities. Use the List Authorities endpoint to find the authority that should issue your Wi-Fi client certificates:

curl -sH @api_headers --request GET \
  --url https://gateway.smallstep.com/api/authorities \
  --header 'Accept: application/json' \
  --header 'x-smallstep-api-version: 2025-01-01' | jq '.[] | {id, name, domain}'

Save two values from the authority you choose:

• The id, which you'll use as the authorityID when creating the credential.
• The root certificate (PEM), which you'll register with your RADIUS server in Step 2 so it can verify client certificates issued by this authority:

curl -sH @api_headers --request GET \
  --url https://gateway.smallstep.com/api/authorities \
  --header 'Accept: application/json' \
  --header 'x-smallstep-api-version: 2025-01-01' \
  | jq -r '.[] | select(.id == "[your authority ID]") | .root' > client_ca.crt

Create the credential with the Create Credential endpoint:

curl -sH @api_headers --request POST \
  --url https://gateway.smallstep.com/api/credentials \
  --header 'Accept: application/json' \
  --header 'Content-Type: application/json' \
  --header 'x-smallstep-api-version: 2025-01-01' \
  --data @- <<'EOF' | jq
{
  "slug": "wifi",
  "certificate": {
    "type": "X509",
    "authorityID": "[your authority ID]",
    "duration": "24h0m0s",
    "fields": {
      "commonName": {
        "deviceMetadata": "smallstep:identity",
        "static": "Corporate Wi-Fi"
      },
      "sans": {
        "deviceMetadata": ["smallstep:identity", "Device.Serial"]
      },
      "extendedKeyUsage": ["clientAuth"]
    }
  },
  "key": {
    "type": "ECDSA_P256",
    "protection": "HARDWARE_ATTESTED"
  },
  "managementMode": "agent",
  "policy": {
    "assurance": ["high"],
    "operatingSystem": ["macOS", "Windows", "Linux"]
  }
}
EOF

Here's what the fields mean:

• certificate.fields populates the certificate subject. Each field takes a static value, one or more deviceMetadata keys, or both (the static value is used as a fallback when the metadata key is not present on a device). In addition to any custom metadata keys you've set on devices, reserved keys include smallstep:identity (the email address of the user assigned to the device), Device.Serial, Device.Hostname, Device.PermanentIdentifier, and Device.DisplayName.
• key.protection controls private key storage. HARDWARE_ATTESTED generates the key in the device's secure hardware (TPM or Secure Enclave) and requires remote attestation. Use HARDWARE_WITH_FALLBACK to prefer hardware protection but allow software keys where hardware isn't available.
• policy selects the devices that receive this credential. An empty policy provisions the credential for every device. You can match on assurance (normal, high), ownership (company, user), operatingSystem, discovery source, and device tags.
• managementMode: "agent" tells the Smallstep Agent to manage the certificate lifecycle: enrollment, renewal, and key management are automatic.

Save the id returned in the response; you'll reference it when you create the Wi-Fi resource in Step 3.

The enforcement point for a wireless network is a RADIUS server. Your access point delegates authentication to RADIUS, and the RADIUS server verifies the client certificate presented during the EAP-TLS handshake.

Smallstep operates a multi-tenant RADIUS service, so you don't have to run your own. The service authenticates clients with EAP-TLS only: it validates the full certificate chain against your client CA and checks revocation on every authentication. Password-based methods (EAP-TTLS, PEAP-MSCHAPv2), MAC Authentication Bypass, RADIUS accounting, and Change of Authorization are not supported—certificate-only, by design.

Create a managed RADIUS server with the Create Managed RADIUS endpoint. You provide:

• nasIPs: the public (WAN) IP addresses your access points or wireless controllers will send RADIUS traffic from. This is how the service attributes incoming requests to your team, so each IP must be unique across Smallstep customers.
• clientCA: the CA bundle the RADIUS server will trust to verify clients—the authority root you saved in Step 1.

jq -n --rawfile ca client_ca.crt \
  '{name: "Corporate RADIUS", nasIPs: ["203.0.113.10"], clientCA: $ca}' \
| curl -sH @api_headers --request POST \
  --url https://gateway.smallstep.com/api/managed-radius \
  --header 'Accept: application/json' \
  --header 'Content-Type: application/json' \
  --header 'x-smallstep-api-version: 2025-01-01' \
  --data @- | jq

The response contains the server coordinates you'll enter into your access point:

• serverIP and serverPort: where your access point sends RADIUS traffic
• serverHostname: the DNS name on the RADIUS server's TLS certificate (for example, radius.smallstep.com)
• serverCA: the CA your clients should use to verify the RADIUS server. Save it—you'll need it in Step 3:

curl -sH @api_headers --request GET \
  --url "https://gateway.smallstep.com/api/managed-radius/[your RADIUS server ID]" \
  --header 'Accept: application/json' \
  --header 'x-smallstep-api-version: 2025-01-01' | jq -r '.serverCA' > radius_ca.crt

The RADIUS shared secret is not included in responses by default. Retrieve it by passing the secret query parameter to Get Managed RADIUS:

curl -sH @api_headers --request GET \
  --url "https://gateway.smallstep.com/api/managed-radius/[your RADIUS server ID]?secret=true" \
  --header 'Accept: application/json' \
  --header 'x-smallstep-api-version: 2025-01-01' | jq -r '.secret'

If your network equipment's public IP addresses change (a new office, a new ISP), update the nasIPs on your managed RADIUS server to match.

Configure your wireless network to use WPA2 Enterprise or WPA3 Enterprise security, and point it at your RADIUS server using the serverIP, serverPort, and shared secret from above.

See the access point configuration reference below for step-by-step instructions covering Ubiquiti UniFi, Aruba, Cisco WLC, Meraki, Juniper Mist, MikroTik, and other popular access points.

Enterprise RADIUS is Smallstep's premium tier for larger deployments. In addition to everything in Managed RADIUS, it provides:

• Dedicated infrastructure with stable static IPs, deployed in the cloud regions you choose. Your NAS source IPs no longer need to be registered or kept in sync.

• RadSec (RADIUS over TLS) transport with a dedicated hostname, alongside standard RADIUS over UDP.

• Reply attributes, including dynamic VLAN assignment. Attribute values can be static, extracted from a field of the client certificate by OID, or sourced from your Smallstep device inventory. For example, to assign a VLAN based on a custom certificate extension:

  "replyAttributes": [
    { "name": "Tunnel-Type", "value": "VLAN" },
    { "name": "Tunnel-Medium-Type", "value": "IEEE-802" },
    { "name": "Tunnel-Private-Group-ID", "valueFromCertificate": "1.3.6.1.4.1.37476.9000.64.1" }
  ]
  

• Authorization webhooks: your own HTTP endpoint is consulted on every authentication, so you can layer device posture or custom authorization checks on top of certificate verification.

You can also use Smallstep-issued client certificates with a RADIUS server you operate (FreeRADIUS, Cisco ISE, Aruba ClearPass, NPS, and others).

Configure your RADIUS server for EAP-TLS, and add the authority root certificate from Step 1 (client_ca.crt) to its trusted client CA bundle. Then, in Step 3, use your RADIUS server's CA certificate as the radiusServerCA on the Wi-Fi resource so that clients trust your server during the EAP-TLS handshake.

Now that certificates are being issued and the RADIUS server is running, create the Wi-Fi resource that describes the network to your clients.

Use the Create Wi-Fi endpoint:

jq -n --rawfile ca radius_ca.crt \
  '{
    ssid: "[your SSID]",
    hidden: false,
    autojoin: true,
    radiusServerCA: $ca,
    radiusServerDomain: "radius.smallstep.com",
    credentials: ["[your credential ID]"]
  }' \
| curl -sH @api_headers --request POST \
  --url https://gateway.smallstep.com/api/protect/wifi \
  --header 'Accept: application/json' \
  --header 'Content-Type: application/json' \
  --header 'x-smallstep-api-version: 2025-01-01' \
  --data @- | jq

• radiusServerCA is the CA bundle clients use to verify the RADIUS server: the serverCA you saved in Step 2 (or your own server's CA, if you brought your own RADIUS).
• radiusServerDomain requires the RADIUS server certificate to match this DNS name (honored on Windows). For Managed RADIUS, use the serverHostname value from Step 2.
• credentials references the credentials from Step 1 that clients authenticate with.

The new Wi-Fi resource appears in the dashboard under Protect → Wi-Fi.

If your devices run the Smallstep Agent, you're done.

On its next sync, the agent on every device matching the credential's policy will:

1. Request a client certificate, generating the private key in the device's secure hardware.
2. Install the RADIUS server CA as trusted for this network.
3. Create the Wi-Fi network profile (SSID, WPA-Enterprise, EAP-TLS) on the device.
4. Renew the certificate automatically before it expires.

Your MDM can deploy the Wi-Fi profile and, if you like, manage certificate issuance too. The subsections below cover the common combinations:

• macOS and iOS with Jamf Pro (SCEP)
• macOS with Jamf Pro (ACME Device Attestation)
• macOS with Workspace ONE UEM
• Windows with Intune (SCEP)
• Windows with Intune (agent credential + OMA-URI profile)
• Windows with Workspace ONE UEM

In this workflow, Jamf deploys a configuration profile that establishes CA trust, gets a client certificate via Smallstep's SCEP server (using dynamic, single-use challenges), and configures the Wi-Fi network. The Smallstep Agent is not required on the device.

First, connect Jamf Pro to Smallstep if you haven't already.

For a video walkthrough of this section:

Open your Wi-Fi resource in the dashboard, under Protect → Wi-Fi.

Choose the Configuration Profile link to download a .mobileconfig template that you'll import into Jamf. You'll also find the Jamf Settings for this resource: a webhook URL, username, and password to be used when configuring a Jamf SCEP Challenge webhook, below.

Add a SCEP Challenge webhook to your Jamf tenant configuration. You'll only need to do this once.

1. In the Jamf console, go to Settings and search for Webhooks

2. Click + New

3. Fill out the form as follows:

   • Set a descriptive name, e.g. SCEP Challenge

   • Select ✅ Enabled

   • Use Basic Authentication

   • Populate the webhook URL, username, and password with what you were given by Smallstep

   • Select JSON as the Content Type

   • Select SCEPChallenge as the webhook event

   • Here's an example of the completed form:

     

4. Choose Save in the bottom right

Next, upload the Configuration Profile you downloaded from Smallstep, and map it to a test device.

1. In the Jamf console, go to Configuration Profiles (for Computers or Devices)
2. Choose Upload.
3. Choose File and select the .mobileconfig template you downloaded from Smallstep
4. Choose the Scope tab, and select a device or user for testing. For the device to appear, the device should already be enrolled with a basic Jamf MDM profile.

Enrolled devices will immediately receive the configuration profile updates from Jamf and will be ready to join the network. If you need to make changes, you can change the settings in Smallstep and download a new Configuration Profile template.

As you plan to deploy your configuration profile, it is recommended to stage your changes. Here's one approach:

• Clone your production profile in Jamf
• Exclude your test computer or device from your production profile
• Add your test computer or device to the cloned profile
• Make and test changes to the cloned profile
• Apply your changes back to the production profile
• Re-add your test device to the production profile scope
• Finally, remove the cloned profile

If you run your own RADIUS server, you'll need to modify your Configuration Profile to match your setup. Link the Certificate Trust settings for your Wi-Fi Payload to your RADIUS server's Root CA certificate instead of Smallstep's. You may need to add an additional Certificate payload for your RADIUS server's Root CA.

On macOS, you can replace SCEP with ACME Device Attestation (ACME-DA) for a higher-assurance workflow: the private key is hardware-bound, and Apple's attestation authority cryptographically proves the certificate request came from a specific, genuine Apple device. Jamf manages all settings; the Smallstep Agent is not involved.

Before a device can obtain a certificate through ACME-DA:

• The device must already be synced from Jamf into your Smallstep inventory, because ACME-DA requests are checked against known device identifiers (the serial number, on macOS).
• The device must have a user assigned, and it must be approved.

In Jamf, create a new Computer Configuration Profile:

1. Navigate to the Computer Configuration Profiles page and click New.
2. In the general settings, make it a “Computer Level” profile, and ensure “Install automatically” is chosen as the “Distribution Method”.

Add an ACME Certificate payload:

• Put the full URL of your device authority's ACME-DA provisioner in the “ACME directory URL” field. It will look like https://devices.[your team].ca.smallstep.com/acme/acme-da/directory.
• Set $SERIALNUMBER as the “Client identifier”
• Set 384 as the “Key Size”
• Select “ECSECPrimeRandom” as the “Key Type”
• Set “Hardware Bound” to “True”
• Set “Subject” to CN=$SERIALNUMBER
• Set “Extended Key Usage” to 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2
• Set “Attest” to “True”
• Set “Allow all apps access” to “True”
• Set “Key is extractable” to “False”

Add Certificate payloads for the CAs the device must trust:

• Your device authority's root certificate (name it “Smallstep Devices Root”)
• Your device authority's intermediate certificate (name it “Smallstep Devices Intermediate”)
• The RADIUS server CA from Step 2 (name it “Smallstep RADIUS Root”)

For each, select “Upload”, upload the certificate, and check “Allow all apps access”.

Add a Network payload for the Wi-Fi configuration:

• Select “Wi-Fi” as the “Network Interface”
• Set the “Service Set Identifier (SSID)” to the name of your Wi-Fi network
• Check “Hidden Network”, “Auto-Join”, and “Disable MAC Address Randomization” as required
• Select “WPA3 Enterprise” (or “WPA2 Enterprise”, depending on network gear) as the “Security Type”
• Check “TLS” under “Accepted EAP Types”
• Pick the ACME Certificate you created earlier as the “Identity Certificate”
• Switch to the “Trust” tab, and select the “Smallstep RADIUS Root” certificate as trusted
• Set the RADIUS server hostname from Step 2 (for example, radius.smallstep.com) as the “Certificate Common Name”

Finally, assign the Configuration Profile to a test user or device in the “Scope” tab.

After the profile is installed, an ACME Certificate signed by your device authority appears in the Profiles section of the Settings app. The Subject Common Name will contain the device serial number, and the Hardware Bound property should say Yes. Due to how managed device attestation works on macOS, the issued certificate won't appear in the Keychain application; you can inspect it with sudo /usr/libexec/mdmclient QueryCertificates instead.

Workspace ONE UEM can deploy the configuration profile Smallstep generates for your Wi-Fi resource, which configures CA trust, certificate enrollment, and the Wi-Fi network on the device.

First, connect Workspace ONE UEM to Smallstep if you haven't already.

Then open your Wi-Fi resource in the dashboard, under Protect → Wi-Fi, and download the configuration profile.

In Workspace ONE UEM:

1. Navigate to Resources
2. Select Profiles from the Profiles & Baselines section of the navigation
3. Select Add, then Upload Profile
4. Select macOS
5. Select Device Profile
6. Upload the configuration file you downloaded from the Smallstep Console, and click Save
7. Assign the uploaded profile to the desired device groups, and click Publish

Enrolled devices in the assigned groups will receive the profile and be ready to join the network.

In this workflow, Intune deploys CA trust, a SCEP-issued client certificate, and the Wi-Fi profile. The Smallstep Agent is not required on the device.

First, connect Intune to Smallstep if you haven't already—that tutorial covers registering the Entra ID application that lets Smallstep validate SCEP enrollments.

Then open your Wi-Fi resource in the dashboard, under Protect → Wi-Fi, and gather:

• Your Root CA Certificate (download)
• Your Intermediate CA Certificate (download)
• Your SCEP URL (copy)

In Intune, create three Configuration Profiles, then a Wi-Fi profile:

Create a new Trusted certificate profile with the following properties:

• Name: Smallstep Root CA
• Certificate file: Upload your Smallstep Root CA certificate
• Destination store: Computer certificate store - root
• Included groups: Include the users or groups you are using for your staged enrollment. As you roll out into production, you will expand this list.
• Create the profile

Create a new Trusted certificate profile with the following properties:

• Name: Smallstep Intermediate CA

• Certificate file: Upload your Smallstep Intermediate CA certificate

• Destination store: Computer certificate store - root

  Careful! Add your intermediate CA to the computer’s root store. Do not choose the intermediate certificate store—it will cause enrollment errors.

• Included groups: Include the users or groups you are using for testing.

• Create the profile

Create a new SCEP certificate profile with the following properties:

• Name: Smallstep SCEP Certificate

• Certificate type: Device

• The certificate properties may vary depending on your use case and threat model. Here are some good starting points:

  • Subject name / SANs: For a test deployment, use the default values.
  • Certificate validity period: Use the same duration you configured with Smallstep
  • Key storage provider: Enroll to TPM KSP if available, Software KSP if not
  • Key usage: ✓ Digital certificate and ✓ Key encipherment
  • Key size: 2048
  • Hash algorithm: SHA-2
  • Extended key usage: Under Predefined values, select Client Authentication
  • Renewal Threshold (%): Select 20%

• Root Certificate: Select your Intermediate CA

  Careful! Select your intermediate CA here. An enrolling device’s SCEP client will check the fingerprint of the intermediate, not the root.

• SCEP Server URL: Use the SCEP URL you copied from Smallstep

Now try enrolling or syncing a device.

These instructions may vary depending on your enrollment method. We assume you’ve enabled Automatic Enrollment in Intune’s Windows enrollment blade.

• For a new device: Go to Windows Settings → Accounts → Access work or school. Then, under Add a work or school account, choose Connect to sign in to your tenant.
• For a previously enrolled device: Go to Windows Settings → Accounts → Access work or school. Expand the box for the signed-in account and select Info. Select Sync.

After the sync completes, it may take a minute for the certificate to appear in your Windows trust store. Check the reports in Intune to ensure your devices have enrolled without errors.

With CA trust and a client certificate in place, configure an EAP-TLS Wi-Fi connection:

1. In your Intune Device Configuration Profiles, create a + New Policy.

2. Choose your Platform, select Templates, and choose the Wi-Fi template.

3. Select Create to continue, and give your template a clear name.

4. For Wi-Fi type, choose Enterprise.

5. Configure your SSID and other basic network settings.

6. For EAP type, choose EAP - TLS.

7. Under the Certificate server names, enter the Common Name that's on your RADIUS server certificate. For Managed RADIUS, this is the serverHostname from Step 2.

8. Under the Trust tab, add a Trusted Certificate for your RADIUS server.

   If your RADIUS server certificate is managed by Smallstep, add the Smallstep RADIUS Root CA PEM here (this is the same CA as the serverCA returned by the managed RADIUS API).

   If your RADIUS server certificate is from a different PKI, you’ll need to add a new Certificate payload containing your RADIUS server’s Root CA certificate.

9. Under Client Authentication, for Authentication method choose SCEP Certificate.

10. Select the client certificate profile you created earlier.

11. Choose Review + save.

Once you've saved your profile, you'll be ready to test and verify your Wi-Fi connection.

The Smallstep Agent can manage Windows Wi-Fi configurations on your endpoints end to end (see Agent-managed clients). In some cases, though, you may want the agent to manage the credential while Intune manages the Wi-Fi profile—for example, if you need a custom network configuration, or want to consolidate network settings in Intune.

In this hybrid workflow, the client certificate comes from the credential you created in Step 1, and Intune deploys a Wi-Fi profile that selects it by issuer. The profile selects the Wi-Fi credential based on the SHA-1 fingerprint of the issuing CA certificate.

To gather the two fingerprints referenced in the XML below:

# SHA-1 fingerprint of your RADIUS server CA (radius_ca.crt from Step 2)
openssl x509 -in radius_ca.crt -noout -fingerprint -sha1

# SHA-1 fingerprint of the CA that issues your client certificates
# (the *intermediate* CA of the authority you chose in Step 1;
# download it from the authority's page in the Smallstep dashboard)
openssl x509 -in issuing_ca.crt -noout -fingerprint -sha1

Remove the colons from the fingerprint values before using them.

1. In Intune, begin at Device Configuration
2. Click Create and then select New Policy
   • Platform: Windows 10 and Later
   • Profile Type: Templates
   • Template Name: Custom
3. Click Create, name the policy (for example, EAP-TLS Wi-Fi with Smallstep), and click Next
4. Click Add next to OMA-URI Settings:
   • Name: Wi-Fi Configuration
   • OMA-URI: ./Vendor/MSFT/WiFi/Profile/[your SSID]/WlanXml
     • Replace [your SSID] with your own SSID. If your SSID contains any spaces, they must be URL-encoded with %20.
   • Data Type: String
   • Value: your WLAN profile XML (example below). For details on this XML, see Microsoft’s documentation.

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<WLANProfile xmlns="http://www.microsoft.com/networking/WLAN/profile/v1">
	<name>YOUR_SSID</name>
	<SSIDConfig>
		<SSID>
			<name>YOUR_SSID</name>
		</SSID>
		<nonBroadcast>false</nonBroadcast>
	</SSIDConfig>
	<connectionType>ESS</connectionType>
	<connectionMode>auto</connectionMode>
	<autoSwitch>false</autoSwitch>
	<MSM>
		<security>
			<authEncryption>
				<authentication>WPA3ENT192</authentication>
				<encryption>GCMP256</encryption>
				<useOneX>true</useOneX>
				<FIPSMode xmlns="http://www.microsoft.com/networking/WLAN/profile/v2">false</FIPSMode>
			</authEncryption>
			<PMKCacheMode>enabled</PMKCacheMode>
			<PMKCacheTTL>720</PMKCacheTTL>
			<PMKCacheSize>128</PMKCacheSize>
			<preAuthMode>disabled</preAuthMode>
			<OneX xmlns="http://www.microsoft.com/networking/OneX/v1">
				<cacheUserData>true</cacheUserData>
				<authMode>machine</authMode>
				<EAPConfig>
					<EapHostConfig xmlns="http://www.microsoft.com/provisioning/EapHostConfig">
						<EapMethod>
							<Type xmlns="http://www.microsoft.com/provisioning/EapCommon">13</Type>
							<VendorId xmlns="http://www.microsoft.com/provisioning/EapCommon">0</VendorId>
							<VendorType xmlns="http://www.microsoft.com/provisioning/EapCommon">0</VendorType>
							<AuthorId xmlns="http://www.microsoft.com/provisioning/EapCommon">0</AuthorId>
						</EapMethod>
						<Config xmlns="http://www.microsoft.com/provisioning/EapHostConfig">
							<Eap xmlns="http://www.microsoft.com/provisioning/BaseEapConnectionPropertiesV1">
								<Type>13</Type>
								<EapType xmlns="http://www.microsoft.com/provisioning/EapTlsConnectionPropertiesV1">
									<CredentialsSource>
										<CertificateStore>
											<SimpleCertSelection>true</SimpleCertSelection>
										</CertificateStore>
									</CredentialsSource>
									<ServerValidation>
										<DisableUserPromptForServerValidation>true</DisableUserPromptForServerValidation>
										<ServerNames>radius.smallstep.com</ServerNames>
										<TrustedRootCA>RADIUS_CA_SHA1_FINGERPRINT</TrustedRootCA>
									</ServerValidation>
									<DifferentUsername>false</DifferentUsername>
									<PerformServerValidation xmlns="http://www.microsoft.com/provisioning/EapTlsConnectionPropertiesV2">true</PerformServerValidation>
									<AcceptServerName xmlns="http://www.microsoft.com/provisioning/EapTlsConnectionPropertiesV2">true</AcceptServerName>
									<TLSExtensions xmlns="http://www.microsoft.com/provisioning/EapTlsConnectionPropertiesV2">
										<FilteringInfo xmlns="http://www.microsoft.com/provisioning/EapTlsConnectionPropertiesV3">
											<CAHashList Enabled="true">
												<IssuerHash>ISSUING_CA_SHA1_FINGERPRINT</IssuerHash>
											</CAHashList>
										</FilteringInfo>
									</TLSExtensions>
								</EapType>
							</Eap>
						</Config>
					</EapHostConfig>
				</EAPConfig>
			</OneX>
		</security>
	</MSM>
</WLANProfile>

5. Click Save, then Next
6. Set the assignments as desired, including any groups / users to which the configuration should apply
7. Click Next, skip “Applicability Rules”, and on “Review and Create”, click Create

Workspace ONE UEM can deploy the same WLAN profile XML shown above:

1. In Workspace ONE, begin at Profiles
2. Click Add and then select Add Profile
   • Select Windows, then Device Profile
3. Name the policy (for example, EAP-TLS Wi-Fi with Smallstep)
4. Find the WiFi template and click Add
5. Enter the WLAN profile XML in the Wlan Xml field
6. Click Next, set the assignments as desired, and click Save and Publish

To verify the end-to-end setup, join the network with a test device and confirm it authenticates.

• In the Smallstep dashboard, open your Wi-Fi resource under Protect → Wi-Fi to see issued certificates and authentication activity.
• For agent-managed devices, see the agent troubleshooting guide.

On Windows (Intune):

• Check the expected certificates have been deployed to the right stores on Windows: user vs. device; trusted roots; trusted intermediates; personal certificates.
• On the client side, use Settings → Accounts → Access work or school → Info to check the last sync status. You can also trigger a Sync on this screen.
  • Sometimes restarting Windows is required to trigger (re-)enrollment / profile deployment. This can happen if the machine has been online for a while, has been suspended for a while, etc. It may have been disconnected from WNS in this case, resulting in no notifications being received.
• Use Windows Event Viewer to diagnose issues. SCEP related (error) logs can be found in Applications and Services Logs → Microsoft → Windows → DeviceManagement-Enterprise-Diagnostics-Provider.
• See also: Microsoft’s SCEP Troubleshooting Documentation

On macOS (Jamf):

• Check the expected certificates have been deployed to the right stores on macOS: user vs. device; trusted roots; personal certificates.
  • Jamf logging can be found by navigating to the Configuration Profile and looking for the Logs option in the bottom right. Check out the History → Management History tab for the device.
• Use the macOS Console application to diagnose issues. SCEP related (error) logs can be found by searching for “scep”. It’s also possible to follow these logs in realtime.
• The .mobileconfig file is a text file and sometimes it can be useful to inspect it for debugging purposes.
• If all else fails: Have you tried turning it off and on again? This can sometimes help a device to do things again.

Each Access Point will have a slightly different configuration UI, but these network settings are constant no matter what AP you’re using:

• Security Protocol: WPA2 Enterprise or WPA3 Enterprise
• RADIUS server information (provided by Smallstep in Step 2)
  • RADIUS server IP
  • RADIUS server port
  • RADIUS server shared secret

First, create a RADIUS Profile in the UniFi Network app:

1. Go to Settings → Profiles → RADIUS → Create New
2. Give the profile a name
3. Under Authentication servers, add the RADIUS server IP address, port, and shared secret you received from Smallstep
4. Choose Save.

Next, create a new 802.1x EAP-TLS WPA-Enterprise authenticated Wi-Fi network and link your new Smallstep RADIUS profile to it:

1. Go to Settings → WiFi → Create New
2. Give your network an SSID
3. Under Advanced Configuration, choose Manual
4. Go to Security
   1. For Security Protocol, select WPA-3 Enterprise
   2. For RADIUS Profile, select the RADIUS profile you created above
5. Go back and choose Save

Your new 802.1x EAP-TLS WPA-Enterprise Wi-Fi network is ready for use.

This section is suitable for a MikroTik AP that uses RouterOS. You can use the WebFig UI or the MikroTik Terminal to configure your AP.

1. Add a new RADIUS client, replacing the RADIUS IP and secret with the values you received from Smallstep:

   1. Go to RADIUS -> Add New
   2. For Service, select wireless
   3. Enter the Address and Secret for the Smallstep RADIUS server
   4. Adjust the Timeout to 5000ms
   5. Choose Ok

   Or, in the terminal:

   /radius
   add address=123.123.123.123 secret="secret-goes-here" \
   service=wireless timeout=5s
   

2. Add a security profile:

   1. Go to Wireless -> Security Profiles -> Add New
   2. Give the profile the name EAP_AP
   3. For Mode, choose dynamic keys
   4. For Authentication Types, select WPA2 EAP
   5. For Supplicant Identity, enter Mikrotik
   6. Choose Ok

   Or, in the terminal:

   /interface wireless security-profiles
   add authentication-types=wpa2-eap eap-method=passthrough mode=dynamic-keys name=EAP_AP supplicant-identity=Mikrotik
   

3. Associate the security profile with the Wireless interface:

   1. Go to Wireless Interfaces and choose the interface you'd like to use with EAP-TLS
   2. Update Security Profile to EAP_AP
   3. Choose Ok

   Or, in the terminal:

   /interface/wireless
   set [find] security-profile=EAP_AP
   

For more information, see MikroTik Documentation.

First, create a new RADIUS profile:

1. On the Aerohive console, go to Configuration→ Common Objects→ Authentication→ External RADIUS Servers, and click on “+” to create a new RADIUS server
2. Provide a Name for the server
3. Enter the RADIUS server IP address, port, and shared secret you received from Smallstep into their respective fields
4. Click Save

Next, create a new 802.1x EAP-TLS WPA-Enterprise authenticated Wi-Fi network and link your new Smallstep RADIUS profile to it:

1. Go to Configure → Network Policies → Add Network Policy
2. Select Wireless, provide a Policy Name, and click Next
3. Click “+” to add a Wireless SSID.

4. Provide SSID Name and SSID Broadcast Name for your network
5. Under SSID Usage:
   1. For SSID Authentication, select Enterprise WPA/WPA2 802.1X
   2. For Key Management, select WPA2-(WPA2 Enterprise)-802.1X
   3. For Encryption Method, select CCMP (AES)
6. Scroll down to Authentication Settings. Click on +, next to Default RADIUS Server Group, to add a RADIUS server
7. Select the Smallstep RADIUS profile you created above, and click on Save

Your 802.1x EAP-TLS WPA-Enterprise Wi-Fi network is ready for use.

Note: these instructions follow setup for Aruba mobility controllers wireless AP portals. See Aruba reference WLAN configuration documentation

First, create a new RADIUS profile:

1. On the Aruba portal, go to Configuration → Authentication → Auth Servers
2. Click + in the Server Group table and provide a Name for the new server group, then click Submit
3. From the Server Group table, click the group you just created, then click + to add new RADIUS server details
4. Select the Add new server option, and then enter the RADIUS server IP address and hostname received from Smallstep into their respective fields
5. Select RADIUS from the Type drop-down list
6. Click Submit

Next, create a new 802.1x EAP-TLS WPA-Enterprise authenticated Wi-Fi network and link your new Smallstep RADIUS profile to it.

1. On the console, go to Configuration → WLAN, then click the + icon to add a new WLAN
2. On the General tab:
   1. For Name (SSID), enter a name for the SSID
   2. For Primary usage, select the Employee option
   3. For Broadcast on, click on the Select AP Groups drop-down list, then select a desired AP group
   4. For Forwarding Mode, leave the default tunnel option
   5. Click Next
3. On the VLANs tab, select your VLAN ID, and click Next
4. On the Security > Enterprise tab:
   1. For Key management, select WPA-3 Enterprise
   2. For Auth servers section, click +, select the Smallstep RADIUS profile, and click OK
   3. Click Next
5. On the Access tab:
   1. For the Default role drop-down list, select an existing user role to be assigned to an employee that successfully authenticates to the WLAN, or define a new role by clicking on Show Roles and clicking ”+” in the Roles table
   2. Click Finish
6. On the next page, click on Pending Changes, then click on Deploy Changes

Your new 802.1x EAP-TLS WPA-Enterprise Wi-Fi network is ready for use.

1. On your Meraki console, navigate to Wireless > Configure > SSIDs
2. Enable an Unconfigured SSID
3. Under the newly Unconfigured SSID, click on rename, name the SSID accordingly, then click Save Changes
4. Click on edit settings. This will take you to the Access control tab for the SSID

5. Set the Association requirements to Enterprise with my RADIUS server
6. Scroll to RADIUS servers to add your Smallstep RADIUS server. Enter the RADIUS server IP address, port, and shared secret you received from Smallstep into their respective fields
7. Click Save

Your new 802.1x EAP-TLS WPA-Enterprise Wi-Fi network is ready for use.

First, create a new RADIUS profile:

1. Go to Security > RADIUS > Authentication, then click New to add a new RADIUS server
2. Provide the Server Address, Shared Secret and Port Number obtained from Smallstep
3. Click Apply

Next, create a new 802.1x EAP-TLS WPA-Enterprise authenticated Wi-Fi network and link your new Smallstep RADIUS profile to it:

1. Click on the WLANs tab, choose Create New and click Go
2. Provide a name for your new WLAN, and click Apply to continue
3. Go to the General tab, ensure that Status is Enabled
4. Go to the Security tab > AAA Servers. In the Server 1 dialog box, under Authentication Servers, select the RADIUS server that you just configured, and click Apply

Your new 802.1x EAP-TLS WPA-Enterprise Wi-Fi network is ready for use.

First, create a new RADIUS profile:

1. On your Extreme Networks console, navigate to ONBOARD > AAA
2. On the Default AAA Configuration page, scroll to RADIUS Servers, and click Add
3. Provide the RADIUS Server IP address, RADIUS Port, and Shared Secret provided by Smallstep
4. Click Save

Next, create a new 802.1x EAP-TLS WPA-Enterprise authenticated Wi-Fi network and link your new Smallstep RADIUS profile to it:

1. Navigate to Networks > Add:
   • For Network Name, provide a suitable name
   • For SSID, enter a name for the SSID
   • For Status, select Enable
   • For Auth Type, select WPA2 Enterprise w/ RADIUS
   • For Authentication Method, select RADIUS
   • For Primary RADIUS, select the Smallstep RADIUS IP Address added earlier
   • For Backup RADIUS, select another if any
   • For Default Auth Role, select Enterprise User
   • For Default VLAN, select a VLAN
2. Click Save

Your new 802.1x EAP-TLS Enterprise Wi-Fi network is ready for use.

1. Navigate to Organization > WLAN Templates
2. Click a WLAN template (or create a template)
3. Click on Add WLAN
4. In the Edit/Create WLAN window, provide an SSID for your new WLAN
5. Scroll to the Security section, under Security Type, select WPA3 or WPA2, then click Enterprise (802.1X)
6. Scroll to the Authentication Servers section, and click Add Server
7. Enter the Hostname (IP Address) and Shared Secret of the RADIUS server received from Smallstep
8. Click Save

Your 802.1x EAP-TLS WPA-Enterprise Wi-Fi network is ready for use. For more, see Juniper Mist reference documentation.

First, create a new RADIUS profile:

1. Go to Definitions & Users > Authentication Services
2. On the Servers tab, click New Authentication Server
3. On the Add Authentication Server dialogue box:
   1. For Backend, select RADIUS
   2. For Position, select Top
   3. For Server, click + to add a new RADIUS server IP address provided by Smallstep
   4. For Shared Secret, enter the shared RADIUS server secret provided by Smallstep
4. Click Save

Next, configure 802.1x EAP-TLS WPA-Enterprise WLANs to use the new RADIUS profile for authentication:

1. Go to Wireless Protection > Global Settings > Advanced.
2. On the Enterprise Authentication box, select the created RADIUS profile from the Radius Server dropdown.
3. Click Apply

Then, create a new 802.1x EAP-TLS WPA-Enterprise authenticated Wi-Fi network:

1. Go to Wireless Protection > Wireless Networks
2. Click on Add Wireless Network
3. On the Add Wireless Network dialog:
   1. For Network name, enter a descriptive name for the network
   2. For Network SSID, provide a suitable name
   3. For Encryption mode, select WPA2/WPA Enterprise
   4. For Client traffic, see the implications of the different options on the Sophos UTM Administrator Guide.
4. Click Save

Go ahead to associate the new SSID network with your access point, and your new 802.1x EAP-TLS WPA-Enterprise Wi-Fi network is ready for use.

These instructions follow setup for RT-AX1800S. However you should find most current ASUS routers have a similar interface.

Tip: to set up an 802.1x EAP-TLS Enterprise Wi-Fi WLAN on your Asus router, start with a separate dual band setup so that you have a break-glass connection to a WPA2 Password connection in the event that your settings are not allowing access to the configured band.

1. On the Asus Router console, navigate to Advanced Settings > Wireless

   

2. On the General tab, configure the following parameters:

   1. For Network Name (SSID), enter a name for the WLAN
   2. For Authentication Method, select WPA2-Enterprise
   3. For Server IP Address, Server Port, and Connection String, provide the RADIUS server properties provided by Smallstep during setup

3. Click Apply to save changes to router

Your new 802.1x EAP-TLS WPA-Enterprise Wi-Fi network is ready for use.

This feature is available to Smallstep Enterprise RADIUS customers.

With RADIUS authorization webhooks, you can integrate Smallstep’s RADIUS authentication workflow with your own device posture or authorization checks during EAP-TLS connection requests. All you need is a webhook server that Smallstep can reach out to. Your webhook server will evaluate or log the presented client certificate, and return an authorization decision.

Smallstep can authenticate to your webhook server using a bearer token or HTTP basic authentication.

Our customer support team can configure a new RADIUS webhook for you.

Your webhook server should use a TLS server certificate issued by a public Web PKI CA.

Your webhook server should expect the following request format:

• Method: POST
• Content-Type: application/json
• Headers:
  • X-Smallstep-Webhook-ID: A UUID for the RADIUS webhook making the request
  • X-Smallstep-Signature: Hex‑encoded HMAC‑SHA256 of the raw request body using the webhook’s signing secret
  • Authorization: Optional. Either "Bearer <token>" or HTTP Basic auth, if configured.
• Body (JSON):
  • timestamp: The RFC8222 timestamp of the request
  • x509Certificate: A JSON representation of the certificate that follows this data structure. Additionally, there is a raw field containing a base64-encoded DER representation of the client certificate.

Example request body:

{
  "timestamp": "2024-01-15T10:30:00Z",
  "x509Certificate": {
    "subject": {
      "country": ["US"],
      "organization": ["Example Corp"],
      "organizationalUnit": ["Engineering"],
      "locality": ["San Francisco"],
      "province": ["CA"],
      "streetAddress": ["123 Main St"],
      "postalCode": ["94105"],
      "serialNumber": "123456",
      "commonName": "craig@smallstep.com",
      "names": [
        {
          "type": "2.5.4.3",
          "value": "craig@smallstep.com"
        }
      ],
      "extraNames": []
    },
    "issuer": {
      "country": ["US"],
      "organization": ["Example CA"],
      "organizationalUnit": ["CA Unit"],
      "locality": ["San Francisco"],
      "province": ["CA"],
      "streetAddress": ["456 CA St"],
      "postalCode": ["94105"],
      "serialNumber": "CA123",
      "commonName": "Example Root CA",
      "names": [],
      "extraNames": []
    },
    "serialNumber": "270390854734985720984572058347298347234",
    "sans": [
      {
        "type": "email",
        "value": "craig@smallstep.com"
      }
    ],
    "emailAddresses": ["craig@smallstep.com"],
    "ipAddresses": [],
    "uris": [],
    "extensions": [],
    "keyUsage": ["digitalSignature", "keyEncipherment"],
    "extKeyUsage": ["serverAuth", "clientAuth"],
    "unknownExtKeyUsage": [],
    "subjectKeyId": "base64EncodedSKID==",
    "authorityKeyId": "base64EncodedAKID==",
    "ocspServer": ["http://ocsp.example.com"],
    "issuingCertificateURL": ["http://ca.example.com/ca.crt"],
    "dnsNames": ["example.com", "www.example.com"],
    "permittedDNSDomainsCritical": false,
    "permittedDNSDomains": [],
    "excludedDNSDomains": [],
    "permittedIPRanges": [],
    "excludedIPRanges": [],
    "permittedEmailAddresses": [],
    "excludedEmailAddresses": [],
    "permittedURIDomains": [],
    "excludedURIDomains": [],
    "crlDistributionPoints": ["http://crl.example.com/ca.crl"],
    "policyIdentifiers": [],
    "publicKey": "MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEA...",
    "publicKeyAlgorithm": "RSA",
    "notBefore": "2024-01-01T00:00:00Z",
    "notAfter": "2025-01-01T00:00:00Z",
    "raw": "MIIDXTCCAkWgAwIBAgIJAKb..."
  }
}

For signature verification, you will need the signing secret associated with X-Smallstep-Webhook-ID, which was given to you when your Smallstep support representative configured the webhook on your behalf. To verify the signature:

1. Compute HMAC‑SHA256 over the raw request body bytes
2. Hex‑encode the result and compare to the X-Smallstep-Signature: request header value

Your server should respond with the following:

• Content-Type: application/json
• HTTP status codes:
  • 200: Webhook processed successfully
  • Anything else: Authorization will be denied by RADIUS
• Body (JSON):

  • allow: boolean. Should the Wi-Fi client authentication request be allowed?

    Minimal success response:

    { "allow": true }
    

  • error: object (optional). If an error is passed, it will be visible in your Smallstep event log.

    Deny with reason:

    {
      "allow": false,
      "error": { 
         "message": "Device non-compliant with posture check",
         "code": "E1002"
       }
    }
    

As a starting point for your implementation, Smallstep offers an example RADIUS webhook server, written in Go.

• Multiple webhooks are supported. Webhooks are called after a client certificate is verified by Smallstep. They are called sequentially, but without any guarantee of order.
• Timeouts (10 seconds) or non-200 HTTP status codes result in a denial decision by Smallstep. Build for high availability and fast failover. Run at least two replicas behind a load balancer.
• Smallstep may retry briefly if it receives a transient 5xx HTTP status codes
• Deny known‑bad cases using "allow": false; reserve non‑200 HTTP status codes for unexpected failures. This will avoid incidental denies.
• Store the signing secret securely. Rotate the secret by creating a new webhook, distributing its secret, then decommissioning the old one.
• It is recommended that you log request IDs, the webhook ID, and your decision for auditing. If possible, avoid logging full certificates.